High-quality preferred securities, primarily issued by investment-grade-rated companies, currently offer 7–9% yields—considerably greater than what’s available from investment-grade corporate bonds (Exhibit 1). Yields on over- the-counter (OTC) and contingent capital (CoCo) securities, which compose more than 80% of the market, are generally much higher than those on exchange-listed issues. We see better value today in OTC securities, partly for this reason.

We also favor them for their fixed-to-reset structures, in contrast to exchange-traded issues, which are largely fixed rate in perpetuity. With the periodic payment resets of OTC preferreds, just the passage of time (if we experience “higher for longer” rates) should lead to significant increases in income for investors if the securities are not called (Exhibit 2, page 3).

Yield to maturity (%)

January 2014–October 2023

At October 31, 2023. Source: ICE BofA, Cohen & Steers.
Past performance is no guarantee of future results. The information presented above does not reflect the performance of any fund or other account managed or serviced by Cohen & Steers, and there is no guarantee that investors will experience the type of performance reflected above. There is no guarantee that any historical trend illustrated above will be repeated in the future, and there is no way to predict precisely when such a trend will begin. Weighted-average credit ratings from Standard & Poor’s. See end notes for index associations, definitions and additional disclosures.

Most OTC preferreds’ reset spreads are in the range of 250–400 basis points. Many reset over short rates, such as the secured overnight financing rate (SOFR), while others reset over longer benchmarks, such as 5-year U.S. Treasuries. As of October 31, 2023, SOFR was 5.4%, while 5-year Treasuries yielded 4.8%. So, securities resetting today would offer rates in the 7.5–10.0% context—generally much higher income rates than they currently pay. In our view, this makes shorter-reset issues particularly attractive “paid-to-wait inflation-beaters” in the near term.

Issuers also have the right to redeem the securities at par value at the reset date. But with many shorter-reset securities currently trading at discounts to par, a redemption would only increase these securities’ total return. And if a security is called, investors can then use the proceeds to invest in issues that are most likely yielding more.

High-yield bonds and leveraged loans (also known as floating-rate loans or bank loans) have been strong performers of late, in part because they, too, can offer lower interest rate sensitivity. Floating-rate instruments have benefited investors in a rising-rate environment. But while high-yield bonds and leveraged loans offer greater pre-tax yields than preferreds, they are (as a market) substantially lower-quality investments. For instance, the high-yield market has a B+ average rating, described as “highly speculative” by the rating agencies.

Remember, too, that most preferreds pay qualified dividend income, which for U.S. investors in the highest tax bracket is taxed at just 23.8%. This favorable tax treatment can effectively eliminate high-yield bonds’ pre-tax income advantage.

Examples of preferreds with near-term coupon resets

At October 31, 2023. Source: Bloomberg, Cohen & Steers.
Past performance is no guarantee of future results. This material represents an assessment of the market environment at a specific point in time, should not be relied on as investment advice, and is not intended to predict the performance of any investment. There is no guarantee that any market forecast presented herein will be realized. The mention of specific securities is not a recommendation or solicitation for any person to buy, sell or hold any particular security and should not be relied upon as investment advice. See end notes for index associations, definitions and additional disclosures.

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Exhibit 3 shows the option-adjusted spreads (relative to U.S. Treasuries) on OTC preferred securities, investment-grade bonds and high-yield bonds. As shown, the spreads on investment-grade bonds and high-yield bonds are currently near or below their historical averages. This likely reflects higher all- in yields on bonds, given higher Treasury rates. It also reflects expectations that the current economic slowing is unlikely to result in recession.

By comparison, the spread on the preferred index remains wide of its historical average, after widening meaningfully earlier in the year. Given their pricing, we view preferreds as having more attractive relative value than investment-grade and high-yield bonds. As such, in our view, preferreds have greater capacity to absorb potential downside, whether it comes from higher interest rates and/or a weaker credit environment.

Option-adjusted spreads

January 2014–October 2023

At October 31, 2023. Source: ICE BofA.
Past performance is no guarantee of future results. The information presented above does not reflect the performance of any fund or other account managed or serviced by Cohen & Steers, and there is no guarantee that investors will experience the type of performance reflected above. There is no guarantee that any historical trend illustrated above will be repeated in the future, and there is no way to predict precisely when such a trend will begin. An investor cannot invest directly in an index and index performance does not reflect the deduction of any fees, expenses or taxes. The option-adjusted spread is the number of basis points that the fair-value government spot curve is shifted in order to match the present value of discounted cash flows to the bond’s price. Preferreds represented by ICE BofA U.S. I.G. Institutional Capital Securities Index. See endnotes for index associations, definitions and additional disclosures.

Given what has happened with interest rates during the past 18–24 months, discounts to par values exist across the fixed income market. Although preferreds have partially rebounded from their March lows, they continue to trade at meaningful discounts (Exhibit 4).

Historically, the OTC and CoCo markets have both traded at a premium, while the retail market has traded at only a slight discount. We believe current prices present a potential capital appreciation opportunity in preferreds (in addition to the securities’ attractive income rates); any reversion to the mean, potentially spurred by more clarity around Fed policy, would imply an appreciable price move.

Historical average prices by preferreds market

March 2003–October 2023

At October 31, 2023. Source: Bloomberg, Cohen & Steers.
Past performance is no guarantee of future results. (a) Average since March 2003; average for contingent capital securities since January 2014 inception. The information presented above does not reflect the performance of any fund or other account managed or serviced by Cohen & Steers, and there is no guarantee that investors will experience the type of performance reflected above. There is no guarantee that any historical trend illustrated above will be repeated in the future, and there is no way to predict precisely when such a trend will begin. See end notes for index associations, definitions and additional disclosures.

Bank earnings reports over recent quarters have gone a long way toward calming investor concerns about the banking sector. Our view is that idiosyncratic fundamental challenges drove recent bank failures—the failed U.S. regional banks experienced substantial deposit flight, putting investors on edge about funding stability. However, funding pressures have eased; deposit outflows peaked in the first quarter of this year and have stabilized since then. Industry challenges remain, so security selection is important. That drives our positioning within U.S. banks primarily toward the largest banks and (to a lesser extent) the largest super-regional banks.

Almost all banks have strengthened capital this year through retained earnings, lower stock buybacks and balance sheet optimization (Exhibit 5). We expect that capital building will continue as banks prepare for higher capital requirements, more stringent regulation and macro uncertainty. The capital improvement story is nuanced, as some banks have large unrealized losses on their security portfolios, which is a consideration in our security selection.

Core capital ratios of major banks

June 2008–June 2023

At June 30, 2023. Source: Bloomberg.
Past performance is no guarantee of future results. The core capital ratio is the ratio of core (common equity) capital to total risk-weighted assets. Banks must meet a minimum core capital requirement, as dictated by local banking laws and regulations. Higher core capital ratios have helped to strengthen banks’ balance sheets and to improve their credit quality. (a) Core capital ratios based on the largest U.S. banks, including Bank of America Corporation, JPMorgan Chase & Co., Citigroup Inc., Wells Fargo & Company, U.S. Bancorp, PNC Financial Services Group, Inc., Truist Financial Corporation, Regions Financial Corporation, KeyCorp, M&T Bank Corporation, Comerica Inc., Synovus Financial Corp. and First Horizon National Corporation. (b) Core capital ratios based on the following 15 major European banks: HSBC Holdings plc, Deutsche Bank AG, BNP Paribas SA, Crédit Agricole S.A., Barclays PLC, Société Générale SA, Banco Santander SA, NatWest Group plc, UBS AG, Credit Suisse Group AG, UniCredit SpA, Lloyds Banking Group plc, Intesa Sanpaolo SpA, Commerzbank AG and Banco Bilbao Vizcaya Argentaria, S.A. The mention of specific securities is not a recommendation or solicitation for any person to buy, sell or hold any particular security and should not be relied upon as investment advice. See end notes for additional disclosures.

While industry deposits have stabilized, this has come at a higher cost to the banks, given the competitive funding landscape. That pressures the spread between asset yields and funding costs, known as the net interest margin. Banks with strong funding profiles, granular deposit bases and low loan-to- deposit ratios should have more resilient net interest margins.

Credit quality, while weakening somewhat, continues to be healthy, with loan charge-offs still below longer-term averages for all areas except certain commercial real estate (CRE) portfolios. Banks are tightening lending standards and proactively building reserves for future loan losses as they prepare for a slower economy.

Regional lenders tend to have much larger concentrations in CRE loans than the largest banks. We consider these CRE exposures in relation to capital levels, and we note risk-mitigating factors such as reserves taken against parts of their CRE books, CRE composition (e.g., most areas of CRE lending have much healthier profiles than office, in our view), loan-to-value ratios and maturity schedules.

In addition to favoring larger, high-quality banks, we generally like insurance companies and non-financials, such as utilities and telecom companies. As mentioned previously, we also like resetting payment structures that can take advantage of the rising-rate environment.

The Federal Reserve’s latest annual bank stress test results confirm that the banking system appears strong. The stress tests evaluate how large banks are likely to perform under hypothetical economic conditions. All banks tested maintained capital ratios significantly above minimum requirements in the modeled scenario of severe global recession.

Under the severely adverse scenario, the aggregate common equity tier 1 (CET1) capital ratio of the 23 banks tested fell from an actual 12.4% in the fourth quarter of 2022 to a minimum of 9.9% before rising to 10.5% at the end of the two-year projection horizon. The 2.5 percentage point aggregate decline exposed in this year’s test was smaller than the aggregate decline of 2.7 percentage points last year (but comparable to aggregate decreases in recent years).

Banks, the largest issuers of preferreds, are highly regulated companies bound by strict safety and soundness requirements. After the global financial crisis (GFC), those requirements increased significantly, and the market had 13 years with no meaningful defaults. Unfortunately, the requirements were eased on the heels of deregulation passed by Congress in 2018, a move that directly influenced the events of this year. (Similarly, the 1999 repeal of Glass-Steagall, which had strictly limited investment banking activities, preceded the GFC). But regulation is set to harden meaningfully again, and we expect this will result in another extended period of very low default rates.

In late July, U.S. bank regulatory agencies announced a proposal to increase resilience in the banking system. To be phased in by 2028, the measures would implement the previously planned final components of the international Basel III agreement and include the material changes in response to the banking turmoil earlier this year (Exhibit 6).

The plan would result in increased capital requirements and more rigorous standards applied to a wider set of banks. One aspect of the proposal calls for a shift from internal models for calculating risk-weighted assets to a “standardized” methodology. On balance, this change would increase capital requirements by 5–20%, depending on the bank. The proposal would also require all banks with total assets of $100 billion or more to include unrealized gains and losses from certain securities in their capital ratios. Indeed, the previous relaxation of mark-to-market rules (stemming from 2018 deregulation edicts) significantly contributed to the bank failures earlier this year, as not marking securities to market allowed large capital holes to form over time as rates rose.

While implementing all aspects of these proposals will take time, we believe the additional measures could provide a profound tailwind for bank preferred holders (and creditors in general), just as the harsher regulatory requirements did for many years following the GFC.

Proposed banking regulations

At October 31, 2023.Source: Cohen & Steers.

With inflation and growth slowing and monetary policy in restrictive territory, the Fed is likely at or near the end of the most aggressive hiking cycle in four decades. Historically, when the Fed stops hiking rates, short and long rates tend to fall over the following quarters, causing fixed income markets—particularly preferred securities—to perform well (Exhibit 7). This is because the end of the cycle is associated with inflation moderating. Moreover, growth usually decelerates, causing investors to anticipate the Fed’s next move will be to cut rates.

Of course, cycles can differ, and we believe short rates may come down slowly this cycle. This is because we believe inflation, while no longer out of control, could be “sticky” and remain above the Fed’s 2% target for some time. What is more, the aggressive central bank tightening in recent quarters has the potential to lead to a recession. Hence, we believe it makes sense to own quality and be somewhat cautious around credit.

As described above, we favor preferred securities with good reset structures that can benefit from higher rates when their dividends reset. In the near term, securities with shorter terms to the reset (including floating- rate issues) could fare best as rates remain high. However, we believe that securities with longer terms to reset (higher durations) could be poised for the strongest total returns over the intermediate term.

Rolling 12-month returns and 12-month returns after the end of rate hikes (%)

January 1990–October 2023

At October 31, 2023. Source: ICE BofA, Cohen & Steers.
Past performance is no guarantee of future results. The information presented above does not reflect the performance of any fund or other account managed or serviced by Cohen & Steers, and there is no guarantee that investors will experience the type of performance reflected above. There is no guarantee that any historical trend illustrated above will be repeated in the future, and there is no way to predict precisely when such a trend will begin. Preferreds represented by ICE BofA Fixed Rate Preferred Securities Index. See end notes for index associations, definitions and additional disclosures.