Market assumptions: return expectations for the next 10 years are shifting

Disclosures:

IMPORTANT: The capital market assumptions regarding the likelihood of various investment outcomes are hypothetical in nature, do not reflect actual investment results, and are not guarantees of future results. The expectations and other information are for educational and illustrative purposes only. Hypothetical performance has inherent risks and limitations, and prospective investors should not place undue reliance on any such information. Because of Cohen & Steers’ investment focus on real assets, Cohen & Steers will benefit from increased interest in these asset classes, and you should keep this conflict in mind when evaluating the capital market assumptions. Other investments may have characteristics similar or superior to real assets. Additionally, Cohen & Steers may make investment decisions that are inconsistent with the capital market assumptions or any views expressed herein.
Cohen & Steers may also develop and publish material that is independent of, and different than, the capital market assumptions or any views expressed herein.

The intent of the capital market assumptions is not to predict or project future returns of any investment, asset class or portfolio. Instead, the purpose of the capital market assumptions is to express Cohen & Steers’ view of expected general asset class returns of the period shown, which may be incorrect, potentially materially so, and are subject to change without notice.

By receiving this communication, you agree with and acknowledge the limitations of the capital market assumptions, the associated conflicts and the restrictions on use described herein.

The information presented is provided as educational and is not intended to be (and should not be) relied upon as a recommendation to invest in any specific security or asset class or to adopt any investment strategy, or as the primary basis for any investment decisions. Prior to making a decision to invest in any security or asset class, you should consult with your financial professional to determine whether the decision is appropriate for you. Return, yield and volatility expectations are based on Cohen & Steers’ analysis, are not a guarantee of future performance, and do not represent the past or projected performance of any fund, investor or other account managed by Cohen & Steers.

The assumptions used to form the basis for the information presented are as of the date shown and are subject to change. Projected returns, yield, volatility and liquidity are subject to many factors that are uncertain and outside the control of Cohen & Steers, and analysis may be subject to error. Projected outcomes depend on economic events, which (even if they occur) could result in outcomes that could be materially higher or lower than expected. The performance expectations displayed represent the
midpoint possible expectations within a broader range of possible outcomes, some of which are negative. Actual outcomes could be materially lower than the central expectations. An investor cannot invest directly in an index, and index performance does not reflect the deduction of any fees, expenses or taxes.

Index comparisons have limitations, as volatility and other characteristics may differ from a particular investment. There can be no assurance that any trends or correlations shown herein will continue in the future.

The information presented is not being provided in a fiduciary capacity and does not account for the age, other investments, financial situation, tax status, investment objectives, investment experience, investment time horizon, liquidity needs or risk tolerance of any investor. We believe the information to be accurate, but we do not represent that it is complete or should be relied upon as the sole source of appropriateness for determining any investment strategy. Cohen & Steers does not provide investment,
tax or legal advice and will not advise you on your investment decisions. Investors should consult with their investment, tax or legal professional regarding their individual circumstances prior to making any investment decisions.

Criteria and methodology
Inputs to these expectations include return, volatility and correlation across asset classes. Assumptions are generally not updated on a real-time basis; therefore, results may vary with each use and over time. All such expectations are subject to change. Yields on all markets are based on levels derived at year-end 2024.

Expectations for returns are driven by a range of factors. Within fixed income, forecasts for interest rates are determined at various maturities based on economic growth, inflation, and policy expectations, as well as factors such as the shape of the yield curve, the expected level of real interest rates and inflation breakevens, and credit spreads. These interest rates are used to compute expectations for total returns, accounting for the starting point of bond yields, capital gain/loss based on assumption of benchmark duration, and yield. Treasury bond returns are based on expectations for the level of inflation, the path of future short-term rates, and an expectation for the slope of the yield curve. Credit returns, including corporate, high yield and preferreds, are based on expectations for fair value spread levels along with adjustments for historical downgrade and default risk through an economic cycle.

For equities, including listed real assets, various factors contribute to total return expectations. Expectations are based on estimates for earnings growth and fair value multiples. Earnings growth expectations are driven by expected profitability and payout ratios, while valuation multiples are based on expected interest rates, risk premiums and growth rates. Changes in valuations are driven by forecasts of interest rates, risk premiums, growth and profitability. Dividend yield also contributes to total return.

For commodities, we forecast investable returns by coming up with expectations on index-level spot returns, roll returns and collateral returns. Spot returns are a function of inflation and expectations for supply/demand/inventory balances, roll returns are a function of the typical shape of the commodity futures curve, and collateral returns are a function of our forecast for short-term interest rates. Volatility assumptions are driven by historical experience as well as expectations for changes related to growth, inflation, policy, etc. Volatility for private real estate is adjusted (per academic work by Geltner) to more accurately reflect economic volatility, correcting for the autocorrelation/smoothing that exists in private RE returns. Correlations reflect historical observations. Forward looking volatility and correlation assumptions are based on historical outcomes.

Volatility data use the full available data history for each respective market. Correlation data use a common starting point. Future economic and market conditions could result in different experiences in coming years.

Due to the illiquid nature of private real estate, private real estate returns generally exhibit a pattern that understates the level of volatility that would be realized if assets were valued more frequently. We used a statistical adjustment (Geltner, David; 1993; “Estimating Market Values from Appraised Values without Assuming an Efficient Market”) to adjust for the first-order autocorrelation in the appraisal-based private real estate return series to arrive at an estimate that more accurately reflects the true volatility of private real estate returns for the time periods shown. This adjustment is also applied to calculations of private real estate correlation to other asset classes. Estimates are inherently uncertain and may not reflect actual outcomes. Utilizing different factors or assumptions in conducting the statistical analysis may result in materially different estimates than those shown. Investing in private real estate involves substantial risk, including the entire loss of an investment.

Certain inputs into the capital market assumptions have been obtained from sources that Cohen & Steers believes to be reliable as of the date presented; however, Cohen & Steers cannot guarantee the accuracy of such content, assure its completeness, or warrant that such information will not be changed. The content herein and inputs into the capital market assumptions are current as of the date of publication (or such earlier date as referenced herein) and are subject to change without notice. Cohen & Steers does not make any express or implied warranties or representations as to the inputs into the capital market assumptions or the completeness or accuracy of its results.

Risks of investing:

Risks of equity investing. Common stocks are subject to special risks. Although common stocks have historically generated higher average returns than fixed income securities over the long term, common stocks also have experienced significantly more volatility in returns. Common stocks may be more susceptible to adverse changes in market value due to issuer-specific events or general movements in the equities markets. Common stock prices fluctuate for many reasons, including changes to investors’ perceptions of the financial condition of an issuer or the general condition of the relevant stock market, as well as the occurrence of political or economic events affecting issuers.

Risks of investing in fixed income securities. Fixed income securities are subject to the ability of an issuer to make timely principal and interest payments, changes in interest rates, the creditworthiness of the issuer, and general market liquidity. In a rising–interest rate environment, bond prices may fall, and this may result in periods of volatility and increased portfolio redemptions. In a declining–interest rate environment, fixed income securities may generate less income. Longer-term securities may be more sensitive to interest rate changes. High-yield securities (“junk bonds”) are lower-rated securities that may have a higher degree of credit and liquidity risk. U.S. Treasury securities are backed by the full faith and credit of the U.S. government as to payment of principal and interest.

Risks of investing in real estate securities. The risks of investing in real estate securities are similar to those associated with direct investments in real estate, including falling property values due to increasing vacancies or declining rents resulting from economic, legal, political or technological developments; lack of liquidity; limited diversification; and sensitivity to certain economic factors such as interest rate changes and market recessions.

Risks of investing in global infrastructure securities. Infrastructure issuers may be subject to regulation by various governmental authorities and may also be affected by governmental regulation of rates charged to customers; operational or other mishaps; tariffs; and changes in tax laws, regulatory policies and accounting standards.

Risks of investing in foreign securities. Foreign securities involve special risks, including currency fluctuations, lower liquidity, political and economic uncertainties, and differences in accounting standards. Some international securities may represent small and medium-sized companies, which may be more susceptible to price volatility and may be less liquid than larger companies.

Risks of investing in the energy sector. A downturn in the energy sector of the economy could have a larger impact on a strategy concentrated in the energy sector than on a strategy that does not concentrate in the sector. In addition, there are several specific risks associated with investments in the energy sector, including commodity price risk, depletion risk, supply and demand risk, interest rate transaction risk, affiliated party risk, limited partner risk, and risks of subordinated MLP units. MLPs that invest in the energy industry are highly volatile due to significant fluctuation in the prices of energy commodities as well as political and regulatory developments.

Risks of investing in commodities. An investment in commodity-linked derivative instruments may be subject to greater volatility than investments in traditional securities, particularly if the instruments involve leverage. The value of commodity-linked derivative instruments may be affected by changes in overall market movements, commodity index volatility, changes in interest rates, or factors affecting a particular industry or commodity, such as drought, floods, weather, livestock disease, embargoes, tariffs and international economic, political and regulatory developments. The use of derivatives presents risks different from, and possibly greater than, the risks associated with investing directly in traditional securities. Among the risks presented are market risk, credit risk, counterparty risk, leverage risk and liquidity risk. The use of derivatives can lead to losses because of adverse movements in the price or value of the underlying asset, index or rate, which may be magnified by certain features of the derivatives. No representation or warranty is made as to the efficacy of any particular strategy or fund or the actual returns that may be achieved. Futures trading is volatile and highly leveraged, and it may be illiquid. Investments in commodity futures contracts and options on commodity futures contracts have a high degree of price variability and are subject to rapid and substantial price changes. Such investments could incur significant losses. There can be no assurance that the options strategy will be successful. The use of options on commodity futures contracts is to enhance risk-adjusted total returns. The use of options, however, may not provide any, or may provide only partial, protection from market declines. The return performance of the commodity futures contracts may not parallel the performance of the commodities or indexes that serve as the basis for the options it buys or sells; this basis risk may reduce overall returns.

Risks of investing in natural resource equities. The market value of securities of natural resource companies may be affected by numerous factors, including events occurring in nature, inflationary pressures and international politics. If a strategy invests significantly in natural resource companies, there is the risk that the strategy will perform poorly during a downturn in the natural resource sector.

Risks of investing in preferred securities. Investing in any market exposes investors to risks. In general, the risks of investing in preferred securities are similar to those of investing in bonds, including credit risk and interest rate risk. As nearly all preferred securities have issuer call options, call risk and reinvestment risk are also important considerations. In addition, investors face equity-like risks, such as deferral or omission of distributions, subordination to bonds and other more senior debt, and higher corporate governance risks with limited voting rights. Risks associated with preferred securities differ from risks inherent with other investments. In particular, in the event of bankruptcy, a company’s preferred securities are senior to common stock but subordinated to all other types of corporate debt. It is important to note that corporate bonds sit higher in the capital structure than preferred securities and therefore, in the event of bankruptcy, will be senior to the preferred securities. Municipal bonds are issued and backed by state and local governments and their agencies, and the interest from municipal securities is often free from both state and local income taxes. Treasury securities are issued by the U.S. government and are generally considered the safest of all bonds since they are backed by the full faith and credit of the U.S. government as to timely payment of principal and interest.

Preferred securities may be rated below investment grade or may be unrated. Below-investment-grade securities or equivalent unrated securities generally involve greater volatility of price and risk of loss of income and principal, and they may be more susceptible to real or perceived adverse economic and competitive industry conditions than higher-grade securities.

Cohen & Steers Capital Management, Inc. (Cohen & Steers) is a U.S. registered investment advisory firm that provides investment management services to corporate retirement, public and union retirement plans, endowments, foundations and mutual funds. Cohen & Steers U.K. Ltd. is authorized and regulated by the Financial Conduct Authority of the United Kingdom (FRN 458459). Cohen & Steers Asia Ltd. is authorized and registered with the Hong Kong Securities and Futures Commission (ALZ367). Cohen & Steers Japan Ltd. is a registered financial instruments operator (investment advisory and agency business and discretionary investment management business with the Financial Services Agency of Japan and the Kanto Local Finance Bureau No. 3157) and is a member of the Japan Investment Advisers Association. Cohen & Steers Ireland Ltd. is regulated by the Central Bank of Ireland (No.C188319). Cohen & Steers Singapore Private Limited is a private company limited by shares in the Republic of Singapore. Cohen & Steers U.S. registered open-end funds are distributed by Cohen & Steers Securities, LLC, and are only available to U.S. residents.

By clicking on the third-party link above you will be leaving the Cohen & Steers website. Please note that we are providing the link to this third-party website only as a convenience and the inclusion of a link to the linked site does not imply any endorsement, approval, investigation, verification or monitoring by us of any content or information contained within or accessible from the linked site. We do not control the accuracy, completeness, timeliness or appropriateness of the content or information on the linked site and you will be subject to its terms of use and privacy policies, over which we have no control. In no event will we be responsible for any information or content within the linked site or your use of the linked site. By continuing to the linked site you agree to the foregoing.

This material is for informational purposes and reflects prevailing conditions and our judgment as of the date of this material, which are subject to change. This material should not be relied upon as investment advice, does not constitute a recommendation to buy or sell a security or other investment and is not intended to predict or depict performance of any investment. This material is not being provided in a fiduciary capacity and is not intended to recommend any investment policy or investment strategy or take into account the specific objectives or circumstances of any investor. We consider the information in this material to be accurate, but we do not represent that it is complete or should be relied upon as the sole source of appropriateness for investment. Please consult with your investment, tax or legal professional regarding your individual circumstances prior to investing.